Since Amtrak Cascades passenger train 501 careened off the tracks south of Dupont Monday, questions have been directed at whether the engineer may have been at fault because the train was traveling nearly 50 miles per hour faster than it should have been.
Three men died in the derailment. Nearly 100 others were injured.
On Friday, a longtime railroad investigator told KIRO 7, people should not be so quick to judge.
“Anybody who points their finger at this engineer in this accident is making a very bad mistake,” John Hiatt said.
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Hiatt is a former BNSF engineer who has been working as a railroad investigator with the Bremseth Law firm in Minnetonka, Minnesota, for the past 25-years. He lives in Puyallup, and has spent the four days since the deadly derailment speaking with multiple Amtrak and other railroad employees.
Earlier this week, NTSB Board Member Bella Dinh-Zarr revealed that crew members on the new route trained for two weeks prior to the run's launch on Monday.
Hiatt believes whatever training they received it wasn't enough.
“They were hurrying,” he told KIRO 7. “They had this little, tiny window and they had this December 18th deadline. Deadlines can’t be the dictator of how you do things. Safety has to be.”
Based on what railroad employees have told him, Haitt said the engineer hit the curve at 78-miles an hour instead of 30 MPH because he most likely did not know there was a tight curve ahead.
“They just didn’t know where they were at.”
“These guys were trained in darkness. All of them,” Hiatt said he was told. “They couldn’t get availability to the track during the daytime, so that’s part of the factor.”
Another problem, according to Hiatt’s sources; too many engineers received training at once. “I’ve heard six people were in the locomotive cab, which has three seats.”
“They had all of them in there to qualify as a group, so they would take turns running the locomotive. That’s not the efficient way to do this, and that’s a sign they were doing this (training) in a hurry,” Hiatt told KIRO 7.
A former engineer himself, Hiatt believes engineers need at least three solo training runs, one on one with an officer who can show them a route and its landmarks, especially on a new run, such as the Point Defiance Bypass.
Hiatt said, his sources told him that engineers took turns at the helm of the forward engine during training when they had access.
“When they got off their regular run, they had to figure out a way to squeeze them some way into this training, plus be able to keep their other trains running. It was pretty chaotic.”
Meanwhile, Hiatt said conductors spent most of their training time in the rear – not front --- locomotive.
“Riding a trailing locomotive, in the dark, what’s the benefit? That’s like learning to drive a car while riding in the trunk. It makes zero sense, and the NTSB is aware of this now. I’ve told all the people who have contacted me to go to the NTSB.”
Hiatt has faith in the NTSB and its investigators. He also respects Amtrak's conductors and engineers, including the one at the controls Monday.
“I don’t know him personally, but from everything people are telling me, he was a very good engineer. Took his job very seriously.”
“Don’t criticize this guy until you know exactly what’s going on out there. There’s a lot of systemic failure that lead to this. He just happened to be the guy in the seat at the time.”
The NTSB investigation into what caused the crash is expected to take 12 to 24 months.
Meanwhile, KIRO 7 asked Amtrak to address Hiatt’s claims about alleged training deficiencies prior to Monday’s fatal derailment.
Christina Leeds, Amtrak’s Director of Media Relations and Business Communications, responded in an email that the NTSB won’t allow Amtrak to provide specific details regarding the Amtrak 501 crew’s training.
Instead, Leeds released the following information:
AMTRAK ENGINEER AND CONDUCTOR TRAINING
Workforce Training Plan
The managers and employees who provide Train and Engine (T&E) service for Amtrak follow a program developed over several decades in close partnership with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and in collaboration with the labor organizations. Incorporating a layered approach to training and oversight, Amtrak’s program meets all required federal standards and exceeds many of them.
Initial Training
Both conductors and engineers are subject to a federally-regulated training and certification process mandated by 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 240 (Locomotive Engineer) and 242 (Conductors). Amtrak’s vice president of Safety, Compliance and Training oversees an initial two-part program of classroom and on-the-job training designed to integrate classroom instruction with on-the-job experience. All T&E personnel training is based on a uniform curriculum developed by the System Operating Practices organization. Classroom instruction includes learning activities designed to teach all safety critical job responsibilities.
The curriculum for engineer training includes instruction on:
- Applicable Locomotive Operating Manuals
- Host Railroad Operating Rules
- Applicable System Special Instructions
- System general Road Foreman Notices
The curriculum for conductor training includes instruction on:
- 49 CFR
- PREPARE Training
- Crew Resource Management
- Service Standards Manual
- Equipment Orientation
- Host Railroad Operating Rules
- Amtrak Corporate Policies
For both crafts, significant hands-on instruction is included in the curriculum. After successful completion of the training course, engineer and conductor trainees return to their crewbases to conduct on-the-job training (OJT) under the supervision of managers and certified instructors. After successful completion of a lengthy period of OJT (averaging 16-18 months for engineers), and successful completion of federally-mandated certification standards, engineers and conductors are subject to a special testing regimen to ensure that their training and skill levels meet Amtrak’s standards.
The table below illustrates some of the areas in which Amtrak’s training and certification requirements exceed those stipulated by 49 CFR. Every employee working in T&E service must meet the standards stipulated in the table to be considered sufficiently trained for employment at Amtrak.
Selected Key Amtrak and FRA Training Requirements Compared |
FRA Requirement |
Amtrak Requirement |
Full recertification every 3 years |
Amtrak engineers and conductors are required to attend annual training, in excess of the federal requirements. |
Full engineer physical examination every 3 years |
Full annual physical examination for every engineer, including sleep apnea screening |
Annual requirement for engineer proficiency evaluation, no route length specified |
Proficiency evaluation twice per year |
No special requirements for evaluation of newly promoted engineers |
Newly promoted engineers evaluated monthly for their first year of service |
No special requirements for download and evaluation of locomotive data recorders |
Engineers receive a random download and evaluation of a data recorder quarterly |
No special requirements for download and evaluation of inward-facing cameras |
Where installed, inward-facing cameras are downloaded quarterly, and evaluated for conduct, cell phone use and occupancy requirement compliance |
Does not require physical characteristics examination for Supervisors of Locomotive Engineers (SLE) |
Requires all SLEs and trainmasters pass the same physical characteristics examination as engineers and conductors |
No requirement for SLEs to be certified to oversee conductor work |
Amtrak road foremen are required to maintain certification as engineers and conductors |
|
|
Efficiency Testing
To ensure T&E crews possess the required skill levels and are operating trains in a safe manner, Amtrak conducts several layers of efficiency testing to assess skill levels and performance. Amtrak’s standards meet all the requirements for conductor and engineer testing required by 49 CFR, and in some cases, exceed it substantially. Efficiency testing is conducted by managers who are qualified as SLEs and trainmasters; both positions are required by Amtrak to meet certification requirements in excess of those mandated by the FRA, including qualification on the physical characteristics of the rail territory in which they work.
Engineers and conductors are subject to recurring testing by a qualified manager. All training is documented and stored in the Total Efficiency Safety Test System (TESTS). While the FRA requires that engineers demonstrate proficiency over a portion of the route that they work on an annual basis, Amtrak requires that a SLE ride with and evaluate each engineer twice annually. While FRA does not require it, Amtrak requires newly promoted engineers in their first full year of service to have an evaluation ride with a supervisor every month to monitor skills development and compliance until they have completed their first full year of service. Employees responsible for a major rule violation are also required to have monthly evaluation rides accompanied by an evaluator/trainer for a year, and supervisors are required to test these employees on each rule, or equivalent rule, for which they were disciplined.
In addition to this testing, engineers are subject to several additional types of evaluation. The electronic locomotive and cab car “event recorders” which capture locomotive speed, throttle setting, and brake application information are downloaded on a random basis. This is done quarterly for each engineer, and one trip is subjected to a thorough analysis to determine whether the train was operated in conformity with the operating rules, speed restrictions and train handling instructions.
Supervisors also download both outward-facing and (where installed) inward-facing cameras for each engineer on a random, quarterly basis to ensure that the employees are compliant with all safety rules, particularly those governing cell phone and electronic device use in the cab. The inward-facing camera records are also examined to ensure conformity with head-end occupancy requirements.
Recurring Training
In addition to efficiency testing, Amtrak conducts annual recurring training for T&E employees. This training is designed to ensure that Amtrak employees possess the necessary knowledge and skills to operate trains safely and effectively. All Amtrak engineers are trained annually on the operating rules, and all conductors, engineers and assistant conductors are trained biennially on emergency preparedness as mandated by 49 CFR – but they are also subject to training requirements that greatly exceed the mandatory training minimums. Federal regulations require certification every three years, but Amtrak engineers, conductors and assistant conductors attend annual training, in excess of the federal requirements.
While the FRA requires only a hearing and vision test for engineers in every third year of service, all Amtrak engineers receive a full annual physical examination to ensure that they are healthy enough to perform their duties; this includes a sleep apnea screening.
PREPARE Training
All Amtrak T&E crews receive PREPARE training biennially as part of their annual recurring training program. PREPARE is designed to equip crews to deal with potential emergency situations. The course defines a wide range of potential emergency situations and locations, and trains crew members to respond appropriately and as a team in the event of an emergency, with particular emphasis on communications procedures. In addition to classroom instruction, hands-on skills training is provided, using training aids such as rail cars, smoke generators and fire extinguishers. The course focuses on key areas, including:
- Rail equipment familiarization
- Situational awareness
- Passenger evacuation
- Coordination of functions/operations
- Emergency care
During PREPARE training, employees receive a complete familiarization with the rail equipment associated with their assigned areas of responsibility. This training extends to the level of familiarity required to conduct a successful evacuation, as well as the location, function, and operation and use of onboard emergency equipment.
Train and Engine Crew Quality Control Process
To ensure operating practices across the Amtrak system comply with all applicable rules, best practices are employed in T&E service, and managers are kept informed of the state of training and compliance, the office of Amtrak’s vice president of Safety, Compliance and Training conducts periodic audits of specified segments of the Amtrak system. An auditing group staffed by our System Operating Practices organization is charged with the conduct of audits, the preparation of the report and the briefing of the local management and the vice president of Safety, Compliance and Training and (where necessary) other Amtrak leaders.
During an audit, test data are recorded by the auditors in TESTS, Amtrak’s program for conducting and recording operational tests and inspections. An operational test or inspection is an auditor's observation of an employee's ability and willingness to correctly apply the rules pertaining to train operations. Auditors may perform operational tests and inspections on any applicable Operating Rule, Special Instruction, or Air Brake and Train Handling Instruction, or on one of the Roadway Worker Protection (RWP) or SOFA Safety Rules, Emergency Preparedness Procedures, or Mechanical department procedures. Strict compliance with the rules is essential to the safe and efficient operation of the railroad.
Instances of failure to meet Amtrak or FRA standards are documented in TESTS and crews are subject to the range of appropriate measures, depending on the severity of the failure, from retraining and requalification all the way to termination. At the conclusion of each audit, the leadership of the organization is briefed on the audit and the performance of the organization. This allows for the effective identification of both individual skills training needs and potential systemic challenges. Audit results are then used by organizational managers to develop their training and evaluation plans.
Drug and Alcohol Plan
One of the most serious threats to employee health and safety is drug and alcohol misuse on the job. Employees who abuse these substances do more than just hurt themselves – they put everyone around them at risk, including fellow colleagues and customers. Amtrak’s testing policy is very strongly supported by management and is backstopped by policies designed to help employees and managers prevent drug and alcohol abuse. Testing of regulated employees occurs randomly throughout each month.
Amtrak’s drug and alcohol testing protocols exceed federal requirements on two fronts. First, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) currently requires that 25% of Hours-of-Service (HOS) employees (and 50% of Maintenance of Way (MOW) employees) are selected for random testing annually. The Amtrak testing rate currently stands at 60% for both groups. Effective January 1, 2018, Amtrak will increase its testing rate from 60% to 80% for both HOS and MOW employees. . Second, effective January 1, 2018, for all non-federal testing events, Amtrak will use an expanded testing panel to include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methadone and oxycodone, none of which are currently included in the federal testing panel. Further, in 2017, Amtrak reintroduced random testing for certain non-regulated groups.
The knowledge that Amtrak’s testing regimen is so strenuous contributes to a strong sense of deterrence, as employees understand that a random drug test in the course of the year is not just possible, but likely – and that this emphasis will only increase. Following a comprehensive review of Amtrak’s Drug and Alcohol-Free Workplace Program, Amtrak identified opportunities and initiated a project to enrich drug and alcohol prevention, treatment, education and deterrence programming. These efforts will help address the complicated drug and alcohol landscape including the national opioid epidemic and legalization of prescription and recreational marijuana in several states.
Cox Media Group
